Criminology (Level 3)
Module 1
Criminology as a field of study:- - ->
1
-Criminology form part of the group of disciplines (field of study) known as Social science, Human science, Sociology, Psychology and Social work.
- Criminology means the study of crime
-Criminology uses scientific method to study the nature, extent, causes and control of crime and criminal behavior.
- - ->Criminology as a field of study:
-This includes the study of the causes and prevention of crime, punishment and rehabilitation of offenders.
-Criminology also aim to study crime as a phenomenon.
- Mean social phenomenon in society such as inequalities, poverty, illness and unemployment.
- - ->Criminology as a field of study:
-Criminologists also study and explain the judicial (legal) processes by exploring why some types of behavior are seen as criminal and others not.
- Criminology can also be define as a scientific study of crime and criminal behavior within a society, with specific focus such as:
-Crime and the criminal
- - ->Criminology as a field of study:
-Origin, development, changes and impact of laws.
-The causes and impact of crime
-Victims of crime.
-Punishment and the rehabilitation of offenders, and
-Crime prevention.
-political science, law, biology, police science, economics, and social science.
Analyzing the relationship between criminology and law- - ->
-Certain type of behavior are undesirable and unacceptable
-Law prevent and stop from committing undesirable behavior
-The law define what is legally acceptable and what is not.
-Crime is a social problem link with poverty, xenophobia, substance abuse and so on.
- - ->Analyzing the relationship between criminology and law
-State institutions such Criminal Justice System(police, courts, and correctional services) react to crime by punishing perpetrators through, for example, imprisonment, intervention(rehabilitation) and prevention programmes.
-These institutions are responsible for law enforcement
- - ->Analyzing the relationship between criminology and law
-Criminologist study why certain behavious are classifield as crimes
-They also help shape laws like the Domestics Violence Act(1998)and Firearms Control Act
(2000)
-Domestic Violence Act aim to reduce number of domestic violence
The Firearms Control Act (Act 60 of 2000) reasons, as follows:
-To promote the responsible ownership of firearms
- To reduce the large amount of illegal firearms in use
-To remove these firearms from society and thus prevent the use of them in crimes, and
-To effectively control and manage firearms through a comprehensive system.
The relationship between psychology and criminology- - ->
-Psyschology study of normal and abnormal human and animal behavior
-Study individual and social behaviors , emotions,ideas to understand humain interaction
-Specializations include forensic and criminal psyschology
- - ->The relationship between psychology and criminology
-Practitioners are called profiles
-Profilers compile a psychological profile of an offender after evaluating the crime scene
-Criminal and forensic psychologist work in the field of crime and law to understand why offender has committed the crime.
- - ->The relationship between psychology and criminology
-Criminologists act as court witness, testifying to a defendant’s competency to stand trial. They also recommend sentencing and treatment for the defendant.
The relationship between the social work and criminology- - ->
-Social work is the study of the interactions between people and the institutions of society such as family, school and the Government.
-They aim to better the social functioning of the people.
-Social workers can also specialize and become forensic social workers.
Module 2(a)
- - ->The relationship between the social work and criminology
-They are employed in institutions such as psychiatric, hospitals, municipal agencies and law enforcement department.
-They provide provision of rehabilitation services to juvenile and adult offenders
-They also assist the police and act as expects witnesses in court.
- - ->The relationship between the social work and criminology
-They are also involved with victims of crime, they provide trauma counselling to the victims and other people affected by crime
The relationship between criminology and sociology
-Sociology studies the manner in which various social groups, which include ethnic, gender and religious groups in a society and a society’s culture and beliefs shape and influence people’s lives.
-Sociology is interested in the way society shapes an individual
The influence of criminology on responsible governance:
- - ->
2
-It is a formal structure such as a Governing body, business and a family that has the rules that guide the behavior of the structure’s members.
- The rules are enforced and regulated by a designated member in the structure, such as law enforcementagent, a company’s manager or a parent.
- - ->The influence of criminology on responsible governance:
- The process of implementing and regulating these rules is referred to as “governance”
- This include aspects such as openness, participation. Accountability, effectiveness and coherence.
- Criminologists should promote general well-being by advocating responsible governance
The role of criminology in the security industry- - ->
-The private security industry is one of the fastest growing industry in South Africa
-Private security deal with crime reaction, prevention of crime and catching offenders.
-Criminology departments develop security courses for studies universities and colleges
- - ->The role of criminology in the security industry
-Unisa offer in a Security Practice Course which runs over Nine months, and cover aspects such as basic principles of security risk management, introduction to South African law and procedures for investigation.
-Criminologists advocate legislation and regulation for the industry
How criminology contributes towards safer educational institutions- - ->
-Criminologists provide prevention and interventions services to students at educational institutions.
-This includes youth and youth-as-risk programmes, as well as programmes for young offenders.
- - ->How criminology contributes towards safer educational institutions
-Criminologists have done extensive research on violence and crime in educational institutions.
-It is to make aware of the impact of crime and violence in schools, as well as to present practical solutions to these institutions in order to assure a safer environment for all students.
- - ->How criminology contributes towards safer educational institutions
- Criminologists make research and develop and implement practical solutions to problems such as violence and crimes educational facilities.
- According to Professor Neser prevention programmes should follow four approaches to prevent and address violence and crime in educational institutions, namely
- - ->How criminology contributes towards safer educational institutions
-Individual approach: School violence prevention programmes increase protective factors in students' skills, attitudes, and beliefs through life skills training - teaching anger management, conflict resolution, and non-violent problem-solving.
- - ->How criminology contributes towards safer educational institutions
- Relationship approach: Programmes address school violence by influencing student relationships, including peer group relations, bullying, and older students as role models for younger students.
Module 2(b)
- - ->How criminology contributes towards safer educational institutions
- Community-based approach: Change negative environments causing aggression. Prevent alcohol, drugs, gangs through extra-mural activities.
- Societal approach: Address socio-economic, cultural factors causing school violence. Promote pro-social behaviour.
Diversion
-It is an intervention which include life skills as well as community service.
- The aim of diversion is to assist and motivate the young offender to rejoin the law-abiding community and prevent re-offending.
-Diversion benefits: Avoids prison time. Successful completion withdraws case, preventing criminal record .
Discipline and conduct- - ->
-Rules and regulations concerning the conduct of students incorporated into educational institutions at all levels.
- Ensure this rules are included in the code of conducts of each educational institution, such as schools.
- - ->Discipline and conduct
-Students who deviate from these rules are dealt with by means of the institution’s disciplinary system.
- Discipline takes place in accordance with a particular educational institution’s code of conduct
- - ->Discipline and conduct
-These discipline can range from written warnings, detention to expulsion.
- Criminologists can assist institutions to find alternatives to traditional methods of discipline, by providing guidelines to assure that discipline methods are adapted to ‘suit’ the offender and offence.
Safety in schools
-Schools implement safety measures as a result of increase in violence.
Prevention programmes- - ->
-Anti-bullying instructional programmes have been put in place.
-They are designed to teach appropriate social skills and correct the violent or offending behavior.
- These programmes can be run for a small groups of students or for the whole educational institutions.
- - ->Prevention programmes
-Example below portray the programme, read page 16
How criminology can assess the impact of criminal behavior on the ecology:
-Ecological Criminology, also known as conservation or green criminology, is the study of wildlife and environmental crime
- This include study of the relationship between all living organisms and their environment
-Criminology also focuses on offences against living species, such as elephants, cycads, abalone sharks, and wetlands
- - ->How criminology can assess the impact of criminal
- The environmental criminologist studies assesses the impact of environmental crimes on our environment.
- Criminologists conduct research on sustainable development, this can be used for advocacy, policy formulation and evaluation as well as programme development.
- - ->How criminology can assess the impact of criminal
-Sustainable development focuses on meeting the social, economical and environmental needs of the present generation.
-Criminologist can act as a watchdog.
-Assess if Government practices responsible governance of our environmental resources.
Module 2(c)
Conservation crime- - ->
-Conservation crime are those that are committed against the natural environment in its entirety.
-Ecology is concerned with human beings’ behavior that has a negative impact on the interaction between human, animals, plants and the natural environment in which they co-exist.
- - -> Conservation crime
-CROWA SA strives to promote eco-responsibility with the aim of preserving our natural heritage and genetics, and the diverse species and ecosystem, on earth will benefit.
-To reduce pollution and the exploitation and wasteful consumption of our natural resources.
Poaching and canned hunting- - ->
-Canned hunting takes place on privately owned game farms.
-they are guaranteed a kill by the owners of the farms.
-It's involves the illegal catching and killing of animals.
-Rhino horns, is a big problem that several plant, animal and bird species to the brink of extinction
- - ->Poaching and canned hunting
-Many animal species are used for medication.
-Poaching is commonly used for income by poor people
Environmental security
-When people are forced to use resources from the environment due to inadequate infrastructure.
-Huge amount of wood and coal are burned to make up for a shortage in electricity.
-Trees are cut down and fires contribute to air pollution.
-environmental criminology is that of environmental security.
Heritage crimes- - ->
-Heritage crimes include the damaging or destroying of important natural treasures for example, Wetlands and Table Mountain, or human-made historical artefacts such as bushmen drawings.
- - >Heritage crimes
-People destroy resources through polluting the environment, and building housing developments in protected areas, starting fires by dropping burning cigarettes and defacing artefacts by drawing over them or chipping pieces of the rocks away
Personal interviewing techniques
- - ->3
-Establish a relationship of trust with the interviewee by putting him or her at ease and showing interest.
-Listen attentively to the interviewee’s story.
-Allow adequate time for the interviewee to tell his or story without judging him or her.
-Be interested in what he or she is telling him or her remain impartial.
- - ->Role players involved in crime reduction and prevention:
-Community Policing Forums
-Businesses
- Security companies
- NGO’s and
- Churches
-NB: Read National Crime Prevention Strategy on page 124
- - ->Role players involved in crime reduction and prevention
-Ask him or her clear and relevant questions in order to obtain all the necessary information.
-Do not ask him or her questions which contain complicated words.
- Communicate appropriate emotional responses as needed, for example sympathy, anger, fear and joy.
- - ->Role players involved in crime reduction and prevention
-Be polite, sincere and understanding.
- Use language that is age-appropriate.
Module 3
Evaluating experts source of information- - ->
- An experts is somebody with a great deal of knowledge, skill, training, or experience in a particular field such as the medical field or the financial field..
- An expects should have relevant qualifications and a working experience.
- -> Evaluating experts as a source of information
-Criminologist’s ethical responsibility is to keep up with current research and best practices.
-Criminologist should recognize their limits and do research if they are not knowledgeable about a certain matter
Crime scene analysis as a technique
- Crime scene is the process that involve purposeful documentation of the condition of any physical evidence collection that could possibly shed light on what happened, and point to who did it.
- - ->Crime scene analysis as a technique
-Pre-examination phase: during which the crime scene is secured and handed over to the crime scene analyst. Notes are taken on potential evidence and at this point nothing is touched.
- - ->Crime scene analysis as a technique
-Examination phase: the crime scene analyst thoroughly document the scene by taking photographs and drawing sketches during a second walk-through. Taking video’s and document anything which will serve as evidence.
- - ->Crime scene analysis as a technique
-Post examination phase: include the systematic collection of all potential evidence, such as fingerprints, blood, human tissue, hair and fibres. There should be preservation of evidence to allow validity of evidence.
Crimino-ethical methods for the collection of evidence and information
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-CRIMSA: Criminological and Victimological Society of Southern Africa.
- Compiled as a code of conduct for criminologists and victimologists.
-Aims to make them aware of their ethical responsibilities, as well as to encourage them to behave ethically’
The appropriate crimino-ethical methods during the interviewing process
-During the interview, a criminologist’s behavior should be professional and his or her actions and behavior should be as such a nature that it encourages the interviewee to share information.
- Interviews should always be done ethically.
- Should be conducted with integrity and judgement
Suitable crimino-ethical methods to collect and interpret document- ->
- ->
-A criminologist doing research can also request permission from the SAPS or the Department of Correctional Services to access information in police dockets, or correctional case files.
- Criminologists should obtain documents legally.
- - ->Suitable crimino-ethical methods to collect and interpret document
-Criminologists should obtain documents legally.
-Code of conduct indicates that he or she should not misuse his\her positions for fraudulent purposes or as an excuse for gathering information in an unethical manner or for an unethical reason
- - ->Suitable crimino-ethical methods to collect and interpret document
-Criminologists should furthermore only make use of reliable and valid document as a source of information.
-They can only use original documents or certified copies by the commissioner of oaths.
- - ->Suitable crimino-ethical methods - ->
- Criminologist should keep copies of all information kept for records purposes
- Confidential documents should be stored safely.
Module 4
The crimino-ethical methods - - ->
-Has a formal qualification in a specific field, for example in medicine, law or forensic psychology.
- Has experience working in a specific field over an extended period of time, such as fingerprint or violent offences.
- - ->The crimino-ethical methods
- Is viewed as an expect by colleagues working in the same field because of his or her excellent knowledge, the articles he or she has published and\ or training courses he or she has presented in his or her specific field.
- Has no incidents against him or her
Appropriate ethical measures to collect crime scene or forensic evidence- - ->
-Forensic evidence at a crime scene is sometimes referred to as ‘the silent witness’, because it can give valuable information regarding the criminal who committed the crime.
-Forensic evidence can be used to prove the guilt or innocence of a person.
- - ->Appropriate ethical measures to collect crime scene or forensic evidence
-It must be stored and recorded properly, example correct container and be labelled.
- The collection of forensic evidence is a systematic process with specific scientific protocol that should be followed in order for crime scene evidence to be collected ethically.
- - ->Appropriate ethical measures to collect crime scene or forensic evidence
-If the protocol is not followed, the evidence may be disputed and not viewed as reliable.
Ethical relationships with all role players- - ->
-Criminologist are committed to improving the general well-being of society and the individuals and groups with society.
- This include all the role players a criminologist interacts with during the performance of his or her professional duties, such as offenders, crime victims experts and people society.
- - ->Ethical relationships with all role players
-In order to act ethically, the criminologist should respect the right, dignity and value of all people.
- Criminologist should inform the person to be interviewed of the purpose of the interview, as well as where the information will be used.
- - ->Ethical relationships with all role players
-It is unethical for a criminologist to do something that will be harmful to his or her client, such as perform multiple and conflicting roles, like being a witness for a state against a client, and the professional adviser for the same client’s legal defence team.
- - ->Ethical relationships with all role players
-During the collection of information, criminologist should act ethically, not emotionally.
-Criminologist should not discriminate clients based on the age, gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, culture, religion sexual orientation, health or physical condition, or domestic status.
- - ->Ethical relationships with all role players
-Criminologists cannot represent a client related to her or him, because it will be difficult to remain objective.
Module 5 (a)
The correct method of recording information and evidence:- - >
5
In order for information to be recorded correctly, it should comply with the following requirements:
-Accurate: information should be verified in order to ensure that is is accurate.
-Clear:information should be captured in a manner that is easily understood.
- - >The correct method of recording information and evidence:- - >
-Concise: information should be captured by making use of a few words as possible, thereby only giving the necessary information. A report should be short and clearly written.
- - >The correct method of recording information and evidence: - - >
Complete: information should be recorded in such a manner that it includes all the facts in order to achieve the aim the information was meant for.
- ->The correct method of recording information and evidence:
Factual: information should be based on facts about something that can be shown to be true or to have happened.
-Objective: information should be recorded in such a manner that it is free of bias or prejudice.
Recording and analyzing evidence and information in a crimino-ethical manner:- - >
-It's a criminologist’s ethical responsibility to correctly document the information and evidence he/she has collected.
-The information should also be analyzed in an ethical manner.
-The information should be recorded and interpreted honestly.
- - >Recording and analyzing evidence and information in a crimino-ethical manner:
-The information should recorded accurately.
It is a criminologist’s ethical duty to provide service to society and South African people:- - >
They should therefore be:
-Committed to improve the general well-being of all individuals and groups in society.
-Careful not to recreate forms of past social unfairness such as discrimination, oppression or harassment in their work.
- - >It is a criminologist’s ethical duty to provide service to society and South African people:
-Honest enough to recognize their limits and not to do work that they are not qualified for,
-Careful not be incompetent, unethical or dishonest in their work.
Formats for the presentation of evidence and information: - - >
-The format of the report will be determined by its need and aim.
-Criminologists should share data and documentation regularly as part of their responsibility.
-This is required by the code of conduct for the criminologist.
- - > Formats for the presentation of evidence and information: - - >
-Furthermore criminologists have the right to present research findings, except if it could harm other people, or if the information in the report is confidential.
-Research findings should be presented to the role players that could benefit from the research.
- - > Formats for the presentation of evidence and information: - - >
-Presentation can take place by means of the seminar, workshop or a lecture.
-The research can also be presented by means of newspapers article and radio or television interviews.
- - > Formats for the presentation of evidence and information: - - >
-In a presentence or court reports, information is collected for a specific court case and it will be presented in the court during the specific hearing.
-At some points criminologist will be requested to testify and present the report in court.
Module 6 (a)
- - > Formats for the presentation of evidence and information:
-Assessment reports, such as those used in prisons, often contain confidential information and are therefore only given or presented to the team of professionals people, such as social workers and psychologists, responsible for rehabilitation services of the assessed person.
What is meant by the effects of crime and victimization: - - >
6
Judicial definition of crime:
-Judicial definition of crime: Crime is an act (something a person, does, such as a theft), or omission (something a person fails to do, such as not submitting his or her income tax) that is the violation of a law.
- - >What is meant by the effects of crime and victimization:
-It is also an action or behavior that are illegal and punishable by law.
-Specific elements of a crime, such as intent and an unlawful act, must be proved beyond a reasonable doubt in order for a conviction to be supported.
Non judicial definition of crime: - - >
- also known as the social definition of crime because it focuses on the impact of crime on people in society, and on society in general.
-This definition deals with behavior that is viewed as criminal because it violates human right, or it causes harm to society in general.
- - >Non judicial definition of crime:
-It's not necessary viewed as illegal from a judicial perspective.
Victim and victimization: - - >
-A victim is any person who has suffered physical, mental or emotional harm as a result of a crime, or whose human rights have been violated, such as victim of assault, rape or corporal punishment.
- - >Victim and victimization:
-Victimization refers to any action or behavior, such as a crime, that causes a person to become a victim. This is inclusive physical, mental or emotional harm, as well as actions or behavior that violates another person’s human rights.
Effect and impact:- - >
-Effect refers to a change that occurs in a physical, social, or emotional functioning as a direct result of an action by somebody or something, such as physical injury that results from an assault.
- ->Effect and impact:
-It is a powerful or dramatic effect or influence that something or somebody has on a person, such as financial problems that a person suffered due to theft effected on his money or property.
The effect of crime and victimization on the individual and society:- - >
Crime victims can be divided into three groups, primary victims, secondary victims and tertiary victims.
Primary crime victims: - - >
-Is the direct victim of crime.
-He or she could suffer financial, physical, mental and \or emotional harm.
-Emotional reactions to crime include depression and fear.
- - >Prime crime Victims - - >
-Monetory costs are also a consequence, especially those who incurred thorough injury that required medical treatment, psychological treatment, and loss of income due to trauma or disability.
-It has impact on the quality of life
Module 6(b)
- - >Primary crime victims
-It has impact on the quality of life
-Most victims of crime prefers to be referred as ‘survivor”
Secondary crime victims:- - >
- Secondary crime victims are not directly affected by crime.
-These are family members or friends of the victim of crime.
-This crime has a strong impact on them because of their relationship with the victim.
- - >Secondary crime victims:
-As a results of violent crime, they can suffer emotional harm
-They can also suffer from a variety of emotions such as grief, anger, frustration, fear, anxiety and depression
Tertiary crime victim:- ->
-Tertiary crime victims experience the harm of the criminal behavior indirectly.
-It is the emotions you felt when you read the story of the family that had been attacked in the article in an example box,
- ->Tertiary crime victim:
-Tertiary victims of crime can be the employee who are professionals and dealing with primary crimes daily, such as police officers, criminologist and doctors.
Identifying personal characteristics that mitigate the impact of crime victimization.
NB: Each person has a personal characteristics, a person’s characteristics will influence how he or she reacts emotionally towards demands and challenges in everyday life.
The following positive personal characteristics can help him?her how to deal with bad things that happen, such as being a victim of crime.
-Perseverance: Ability to continue with life despite difficulties or setbacks. The person determine to succeed an does not give up. This personality will also help a crime victim to overcome physical injury or emotional trauma because he or she wants to succeed.
Self confidence:- - >
-This persom trusts his/her own ability and judgement to deal with life’s challenges. They know that they have the necessary qualities to achieve success no matter what happens. - ->
- - >Self confidence
It will help a victim of crime to believe in himself that he\she has the ability to overcome the negative effect that the crime has had on his\her life
Motivation:
A person who is motivated is enthusiastic and committed to be the best he or she can be. He or she believes that he or she has control over and can influence his or her own emotional well-being. Motivation will enable crime victims to view themselves as survivors rather than victims.
Positive-self-esteem:- - >
Positive-self esteem will determine what he or she thinks of himself or herself. He\she has confidence in his or her personal value and worth as a person. He\she is satisfied with his or her life. He knows his or her strengths and weaknesses and believe in his or her ability to achieve his or her own personal goals.
- - >Positive-self-esteeem
This will assist the crime victims in overcoming the physical and\ or emotional impact of the crime.
Module 6(c)
Aspect in society that will mitigate the impact of crime victimization:- ->
NB: The impact of crime in society is mitigated as follows:
-Infrastructure such as police services and welfare groups, should also be involved in mitigating the impact of crime victimisation.
- - >Aspect in society that will mitigate the impact of crime victimization:- - >
-These infrastructures should firstly offer services to assist victims of crime and should secondly present developmental and prevention programmes in order to prevent victimization, and empower vulnerable groups that are at risk of becoming victims of crime, such as woman and children.
- - >Aspect in society that will mitigate the impact of crime victimization:
-Formal groups, such as state departments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and informal groups, for example churches, play an important role in mitigating the impact of crime. Government organizations, such as social services also have an important roles to play.
Analyzing the benefits of crime and victim profiling- - >
NB: Profile give an information about the physical, emotional and behavioral composition of a person or phenomenon. According to criminologists’ perspective is the science of analyzing behavioral patterns and evidence in relation to a crime.
- -> Analyzing the benefits of crime and victim profiling:- - >
-Crime profiling: involves the collecting and building up of information for different criminal incident, such as hijackings, in order to identify patterns and trends that are unique to the specific crime. It further spell out possible targets of the crime and the modus operandi associated with the specific crime.
- - >Analyzing the benefits of crime and victim profiling:- - >
- Victim profiling: A victim profile identifies the behavior and personal characteristics of a crime victim. In the process of profiling the following questions are asked:
-Why was the particular person targeted?
-How was the person targeted, or was the person a victim of opportunity?
- - >Analyzing the benefits of crime and victim profiling:
-What are the chances of the person becoming a victim at random (and therefor opportunistic)
-What risk did the offender take to commit the crime?
-How was the victim approached, restrained and \attacked.
-What was the victims’ likely reaction to the attack?
The benefits of crime profiling and victim profiling:- ->
-Give information on the trends and patterns associated with a specific crime or crime category such as violent crime.
-This information can be used to develop effective strategies in order to prevent future crime.
- - >The benefits of crime profiling and victim profiling:- - >
-It can also give information on where additional resources such as police officials and support services for victims are required, and assist, and assist with planning, for future resource need.
-It can also be used effectively in the planning of crime prevention strategies.
- - >The benefits of crime profiling and victim profiling:- - >
-Information from crime profiles and victim profiles can contribute to effective policing.
-It can give information on the offender’s modus operandi. This information can be used to find, apprehend and convict offenders.
- - > The benefits of crime profiling and victim profiling:
-Crime and victim profiles could improve the safety and quality of life for South African’s citizens.
-This information can be used to identify area where crime are more likely to take place(crime hot spot).
Module 7 (a)
The health implications of crime victimization for the individual:- - >
7
-According to the Annual Report of the national Injury Mortality Surveillance System, a profile of fatal injuries in South Africa, 60 000 unnatural deaths occur each year.
-This death attributed to violent crime
- - >The health implications of crime victimization for the individual:- - >
-Victim of violent crime often require long-term or even permanent medical treatment, due to the injuries they sustained.
-Crime related injuries can also permanently affect the victim’s quality of life, such as paralyzed after being assaulted.
- - > The health implications
-Crime victimisation can cause other health problems due to the trauma, which results to blood pressure, stroke, ulcers and tension headaches.
-Affected victims can have far reaching impacts such as high medical costs and inability to work for a long periods of time.
Emotional, cognitive and behavioral impact of crime victimization:- - >
-Crime and violence bring about psychological trauma.
-Victims of violence are unable to cope with the overwhelming emotional shock associated with crime victimization.
-They feel emotionally, cognitively and physically overwhelmed.
- - >Emotional, cognitive and behavioral impact of crime victimization:.
- The feeling influence their behavior.
- - >The emotional impact of crime victimization:- - ->
-According to the studies made by Security Studies, the victims experienced emotional reaction to the crime including shock, fear, depression and anger.
-The reactions results to the thoughts of revenge.
- ->The emotional impact of crime victimization:
-Prevent crime -The victims also experience depression which is characterized by emotional feelings such as feelings of worthlessness, sadness, hopelessness and frustration
Cognitive impact of crime victimization: - - >
-Combat crime by being visible
-Cognitive processes are associated with the higher-level of functions of the brain.
-The emotional shock associated with crime victimization influences a victim’s of crime cognitive functioning.
- - >Cognitive impact of crime victimization:- - >
-This could react to the crime by going into emotional denial, resulting in the victim continuing with his or her daily life as if the traumatic incident never happened.
-Denial assists the trauma survivor to experience only the amount of emotions he or she can cope with.
- - >Cognitive impact of crime victimization:- - >
-Victims man not make life-alteration decisions immediately after the trauma, such as selling their house, because their judgement is impaired.
-They still have thoughts of revenge to the perpetrator.
Module 7(b)
Behavioral impact of crime victimization: - ->
-The threat of crime results in victims trying to safeguard their property and lives.
-This may create a’ fort mentality’ whereby people make use of every possible security measure to protect their property and themselves from becoming a victim again.
- ->Behavioral impact of crime victimization:- - >
-They might make sure that that someone always stays home to prevent a burglary from happening again.
-Criminal victimization can also change victim’s lifestyle, due to the financial consequences of crime.
- - >Behavioral impact of crime victimization:
-The fear of re-victimization may result in a victim distrusting any person that could be a potential perpetrator.
-Behavioral impacts of criminal victimization on individuals could also include suicide, migration and immigration of crime victims and vigilantism.
Five symptoms of crime victimization:
-Trauma
- Depression
- Grieving
- Denial
- Intrusion
Trauma as a symptom - - >
-Trauma can be define as a sudden or continuous emotional or physical upheaval or injury that can result in a constant psychological disturbance.
-Traumatic stress reaction is more serious and often the result of an overwhelming and often life-threatening traumatic experience, such as to be a victim of robbery.
- ->Trauma as a symptom associated with crime victimization:- - >
-Post traumatic stress reaction (PSTR) occurs in a large number of people who are not aware of the impact that the traumatic event has had on their life and social functioning.
- - >Trauma as a symptom associated with crime victimization:- - >
-The victim’s coping mechanisms are unhealthy or not matured enough to handle the traumatic event.,
- victim’s functioning on all levels deteriorates and he or she is unable to cope with life in general.
-Therapy is necessary to help the victim to cope with and recover from the traumatic event.
- - >Trauma as a symptom associated with crime victimization:
-Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a recognized psychological disorder.
-Victims of post traumatic stress disorder are usually unable to function and cope in life.
-They often need medication as well as long-term therapeutic support to help them.
Depression as a symptom associated with crime victimization:
-A person who suffer from depression may feel sad, hopeless or discouraged.
-They think about suicide.
The following symptoms are related to depression:- ->
-Loss of interest in normal daily activities
-Feeling sad or down.
-Feeling hopeless and worthless
-Crying spell for no apparent reason.
-Problems sleeping
-Trouble focusing or concentrating
-Difficult making decisions
- - >The following symptoms are related to depression
-Unintentional weight gain or loss
-Irritability.
-Restlessness
Thoughts of suicide or suicidal behavior.
Module 7(c)
Grieving as a symptom associated with crime victimization:- - >
-Elizabeth Kubler-Ross was a Swiss medical doctor who wrote a book entitled ‘On Death and Dying’
-She wrote about the process that people who have to deal with grief and tragedy go thorough. It became known as the Kubler-Ross model.
- - >Grieving as a symptom associated with crime victimization:- - >
-This model consist of five stages, namely:
Stage 1: Denial – ‘There is nothing wrong with me’
Stage 2: Anger – ‘I don’t deserve this’
Stage 3: Rationalization – ‘They could have killed me when they highjacked me’
- - >Grieving as a symptom associated
-Stage 4: Depressing – ‘I am not going to drive anymore…they’ll probably highjack me gain’
-Stage 5: Acceptance – ‘Things will be fine’
Denial and disassociated as a symptom associate with crime victimization:- - >
-Denial is an unconscious reaction and a defence mechanism that protects people against the overwhelming traumatic affect of crime victimization.
-They block out the traumatic event from their lives.
- - >Denial and disassociated as a symptom associate with crime victimization: - - >
-It is important for crime victims to progress through this stage and work towards accepting what has happened.
-Disassociation is an extreme form of denial characterized by the deterioration a victim’s mental health.
- ->Denial and disassociated as a symptom associate with crime victimization:
-Symptoms associated with disassociation include a reduced ability to think, forgetfulness, short- or long-term loss of memory or excessive fantasizing.
-In extreme case, this may cause a victim to develop multiple personality disorder.
Intrusion as a symptom associated with crime victimization: - - >
-Intrusion(trespass) are uncontrollable and unwanted images or thoughts that a crime victim sometimes experiences.
-It is the opposite of the word denial as it can invade the crime victim’s thoughts unexpectedly.
- - >Intrusion as a symptom associated with crime victimization:
-Intrusion include flashbacks, intrusive memory and dreams.
-Flashbacks can cause the victim to sweat, increase heart rate, and anxiety.
-The intrusion help the crime victim to gain control over the event and their lives.
Module 7(d)
Five stereotypes regarding victims- - ->
-Stereotypes can be defined s as fixed impression that is formed in a person’s mind about a particular social group or phenomenon.
-The ideas are usually based on little or no information and experience, and tend to reflect personal prejudice.
- - ->Five stereotypes regarding victims
-Martha Burt published a paper on rape myths in 1980.
-She described myths under the headings of ‘prejudicial, stereotyped, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapists’.
- - ->Five stereotypes regarding victims
- She showed that these stereotypes about rape are widely accepted and are related to other stereotypes, such as gender role stereotype, distrust of the other gender, and acceptance of interpersonal violence.
- Stereotypes are also often referred to as myths.
The effect of crime on mechanism of internalized oppression- -- >
-Oppression happens when a person, or group of people, are subjected to a harsh or cruel form of controlling power.
- These controlling powers can be the Government, teachers, parents or social groups.
- -- >The effect of crime on mechanism of internalized oppression
- they may internalize it, this phenomenon is called internalized oppression.
-It takes the form of self-hatred, which can express itself in depression, despair, and self-abuse.
- oppressions that can be internalized are sexism, racism, homophobia, classism and ageism.
The danger of victim blaming- - - >
-Victim blaming is a process whereby victims of a crime or an accident are held responsible entirely or in part for what happened to them.
- It is often caused by stereotypes, for instance that you cannot rape a woman against her will.
- - ->The danger of victim blaming
-It could result in a victim feeling as if he or she has done something wrong and therefor deserved what happened to him or her.
- This negatively affects victims self-esteem and pride.
-- - ->The danger of victim blaming
-Victim-blaming attitudes work to isolate victims and make it harder for them to come forward and report crimes, such as physical or sexual abuse.
The effect of crime and victimization on society- - - >
8
-In 2007, over 55 billion was used by the Government to go fight and prevent crime in South Africa.
- The 55 billion pays the salaries of our police officers, prosecutor, magistrates, judges and prison warders.
- - - >The effect of crime and victimization on society
-It also pays for the constructions and maintenance of facilities such as police stations, courts and prisons.
Implication of crime in terms of South African’s economic growth- - ->
-Crime imposes additional costs on businesses.
- The costs includes insurance premiums, security costs and losses due to thefts and robberies, such as a reduction in productivity that occurs.
- - ->Implication of crime in terms of South African’s economic growth
-These costs make businesses less competitive in international markets.
Module 8(a)
Implication of crime in relation to economic sustainable development
-Crime and corruption wastes a large part of South African’s economic wealth, resulting in money that was put aside for development being used for other purposes, such as fight against crime.
- a negative impact on tourism and international investments, limiting job creation
Implication of crime on house households
- Crime imposed on households because they spend more on security than they should have to.
- Minister Manual expects this money to be spends on education, medical care and pensions.
Implication of crime on business
-Crime costs business 1.1 of sales
-Crime also affects small informal businesses.
-Crime is reported to have a negative influence on the profit margins of these businesses since they have to closed early, operate behind shields and provide secure storage facilities
Implication of crime on medical costs
- Medical expenses due to crime cost South Africa’s tax paying citizens millions of rands yearly.
-Research indicates that 7.3 victims in South Africa consulted a doctor after the attack.
- Hospital costs for the treatment of violent crime victims places a heavy financial burden.
The link between lost productivity and victimization- - ->
-Companies depend on their employees to manufacture the products they sell or to render a service to their clients.
- A company will only be able to make a profit if they can sell the product or render a service for more money than it costs them to provide it.
- - ->The link between lost productivity and victimization
-Victims, especially of violent crimes, are often unable to work sometimes for long periods of time , due their injuries.
- This injuries affect the production or rendering of services.
-The emotional trauma of victims due to injuries can result to lower productivity level.
The impact of crime on medium to large, privately-held businesses- - ->
-Business have to pay an absent employees salary.
-They have to incur additional costs, such as paying overtime or hiring temporary help for someone to do the absent person’s work.
- - ->The impact of crime on medium to large, privately-held businesses
-The additional burden on employees who have to work harder or work overtime in order to compensate for the absent employee could result in a low staff morale.
- A loss in productivity could result in fewer products being manufactured and sold.
- - ->The impact of crime on medium to large, privately-held businesses
-Crime can lastly result in a business not only losing profit but also valuable skills if an employee dies or becomes disabled and is unable to work.
The link between victimization and revenge- - ->
-The revenge by the victims are also referred to as vigilante attacks.
-It takes place if ordinary law-abiding citizens become more and more involved in criminal activities by taking the law into their own hands.
- - ->The link between victimization and revenge
-These tertiary crime victims may then be motivated by the frustration and anger they feel to take revenge.
- Revenge attacks by communities can result in brutal mob attacks on suspected offenders.
Module 8(b)
Fear of crime and lifestyle changes as a result of crime and victimization- - ->
-Many victims of crime are deeply affected by the fear on repeated victimization.
- Continuous fear over a long period may result in the development of stress-related illness, such as post-traumatic stress syndrome.
- According to the study conducted by Antoinette Louw at Pretoria, found that the crimes people fear
- - ->Fear of crime and lifestyle changes as a result of crime and victimization
-People living in townships fear mostly a murder.
- The fear of crime may also be more complex than simply revolving around the victim’s own safety.
-Crime victimization caused life changes because of suspicious and less safe.
- -> Fear of crime and lifestyle changes
-These motivate them to make radical lifestyle changes, such as daily routine and actions or restricting their social activities to prevent re-victimization.
- Many victims migrate due to crime victimization.
Module 9(a)
Explaining the role of victim services in the prevention and reduction of crime- - - >
1
- Repeated victimization refers to incidents in which people are victimized more than once by criminals during a limited period of time.
-The aim of victim support services is to provide emotional support and practical assistance to reduce the psychological shock and trauma of crime victimizations.
- - -> Explaining the role of victim services in the prevention and reduction of crime